Iterating over dictionaries using 'for' loops

d = {'x': 1, 'y': 2, 'z': 3}

for key in d:
    print(key, 'corresponds to', d[key])

How does Python recognize that it needs only to read the key from the dictionary? Is key a special keyword, or is it simply a variable?

key is just a variable name.

for key in d:

will simply loop over the keys in the dictionary, rather than the keys and values. To loop over both key and value you can use the following:

For Python 3.x:

for key, value in d.items():

For Python 2.x:

for key, value in d.iteritems():

To test for yourself, change the word key to poop.

In Python 3.x, iteritems() was replaced with simply items(), which returns a set-like view backed by the dict, like iteritems() but even better. This is also available in 2.7 as viewitems().

The operation items() will work for both 2 and 3, but in 2 it will return a list of the dictionary's (key, value) pairs, which will not reflect changes to the dict that happen after the items() call. If you want the 2.x behavior in 3.x, you can call list(d.items()).

It's not that key is a special word, but that dictionaries implement the iterator protocol. You could do this in your class, e.g. see this question for how to build class iterators.

In the case of dictionaries, it's implemented at the C level. The details are available in PEP 234. In particular, the section titled "Dictionary Iterators":

• Dictionaries implement a tp_iter slot that returns an efficient iterator that iterates over the keys of the dictionary. [...] This means that we can write

  for k in dict: ...
  

  which is equivalent to, but much faster than

  for k in dict.keys(): ...
  

  as long as the restriction on modifications to the dictionary (either by the loop or by another thread) are not violated.

• Add methods to dictionaries that return different kinds of iterators explicitly:

  for key in dict.iterkeys(): ...
  
  for value in dict.itervalues(): ...
  
  for key, value in dict.iteritems(): ...
  

  This means that for x in dict is shorthand for for x in dict.iterkeys().

In Python 3, dict.iterkeys(), dict.itervalues() and dict.iteritems() are no longer supported. Use dict.keys(), dict.values() and dict.items() instead.

Iterating over a dict iterates through its keys in no particular order, as you can see here:

(This is practically no longer the case since Python 3.6, but note that it's only guaranteed behaviour since Python 3.7.)

>>> d = {'x': 1, 'y': 2, 'z': 3}
>>> list(d)
['y', 'x', 'z']
>>> d.keys()
['y', 'x', 'z']

For your example, it is a better idea to use dict.items():

>>> d.items()
[('y', 2), ('x', 1), ('z', 3)]

This gives you a list of tuples. When you loop over them like this, each tuple is unpacked into k and v automatically:

for k,v in d.items():
    print(k, 'corresponds to', v)

Using k and v as variable names when looping over a dict is quite common if the body of the loop is only a few lines. For more complicated loops it may be a good idea to use more descriptive names:

for letter, number in d.items():
    print(letter, 'corresponds to', number)

It's a good idea to get into the habit of using format strings:

for letter, number in d.items():
    print('{0} corresponds to {1}'.format(letter, number))

key is simply a variable.

For Python 3.x:

>>> d = {'x': 1, 'y': 2, 'z': 3}
>>> for the_key, the_value in d.items():
...     print(the_key, 'corresponds to', the_value)
...
x corresponds to 1
y corresponds to 2
z corresponds to 3

For Python 2.x:

>>> d = {'x': 1, 'y': 2, 'z': 3} 
>>> for my_var in d:
>>>     print my_var, 'corresponds to', d[my_var]

x corresponds to 1
y corresponds to 2
z corresponds to 3

... or better,

d = {'x': 1, 'y': 2, 'z': 3} 

for the_key, the_value in d.iteritems():
    print the_key, 'corresponds to', the_value

When you iterate through dictionaries using the for .. in ..-syntax, it always iterates over the keys (the values are accessible using dictionary[key]).

To iterate over key-value pairs, use the following:

• for k,v in dict.iteritems() in Python 2
• for k,v in dict.items() in Python 3

This is a very common looping idiom. in is an operator. For when to use for key in dict and when it must be for key in dict.keys() see David Goodger's Idiomatic Python article (archived copy).

I have a use case where I have to iterate through the dict to get the key, value pair, also the index indicating where I am. This is how I do it:

d = {'x': 1, 'y': 2, 'z': 3} 
for i, (key, value) in enumerate(d.items()):
   print(i, key, value)

Note that the parentheses around the key, value are important, without them, you'd get an ValueError "not enough values to unpack".

For Iterating through dictionaries, The below code can be used.

dictionary= {1: "a", 2: "b", 3: "c"}

#To iterate over the keys
for key in dictionary.keys():
    print(key)

#To Iterate over the values
for value in dictionary.values():
    print(value)

#To Iterate both the keys and values
for key, value in dictionary.items():
    print(key, '\t', value)

Iterating over dictionaries using 'for' loops

d = {'x': 1, 'y': 2, 'z': 3} 
for key in d:
    ...

How does Python recognize that it needs only to read the key from the dictionary? Is key a special word in Python? Or is it simply a variable?

It's not just for loops. The important word here is "iterating".

A dictionary is a mapping of keys to values:

d = {'x': 1, 'y': 2, 'z': 3} 

Any time we iterate over it, we iterate over the keys. The variable name key is only intended to be descriptive - and it is quite apt for the purpose.

This happens in a list comprehension:

>>> [k for k in d]
['x', 'y', 'z']

It happens when we pass the dictionary to list (or any other collection type object):

>>> list(d)
['x', 'y', 'z']

The way Python iterates is, in a context where it needs to, it calls the __iter__ method of the object (in this case the dictionary) which returns an iterator (in this case, a keyiterator object):

>>> d.__iter__()
<dict_keyiterator object at 0x7fb1747bee08>

We shouldn't use these special methods ourselves, instead, use the respective builtin function to call it, iter:

>>> key_iterator = iter(d)
>>> key_iterator
<dict_keyiterator object at 0x7fb172fa9188>

Iterators have a __next__ method - but we call it with the builtin function, next:

>>> next(key_iterator)
'x'
>>> next(key_iterator)
'y'
>>> next(key_iterator)
'z'
>>> next(key_iterator)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
StopIteration

When an iterator is exhausted, it raises StopIteration. This is how Python knows to exit a for loop, or a list comprehension, or a generator expression, or any other iterative context. Once an iterator raises StopIteration it will always raise it - if you want to iterate again, you need a new one.

>>> list(key_iterator)
[]
>>> new_key_iterator = iter(d)
>>> list(new_key_iterator)
['x', 'y', 'z']

Returning to dicts

We've seen dicts iterating in many contexts. What we've seen is that any time we iterate over a dict, we get the keys. Back to the original example:

d = {'x': 1, 'y': 2, 'z': 3} 
for key in d:

If we change the variable name, we still get the keys. Let's try it:

>>> for each_key in d:
...     print(each_key, '=>', d[each_key])
... 
x => 1
y => 2
z => 3

If we want to iterate over the values, we need to use the .values method of dicts, or for both together, .items:

>>> list(d.values())
[1, 2, 3]
>>> list(d.items())
[('x', 1), ('y', 2), ('z', 3)]

In the example given, it would be more efficient to iterate over the items like this:

for a_key, corresponding_value in d.items():
    print(a_key, corresponding_value)

But for academic purposes, the question's example is just fine.

You can check the implementation of CPython's dicttype on GitHub. This is the signature of method that implements the dict iterator:

_PyDict_Next(PyObject *op, Py_ssize_t *ppos, PyObject **pkey,
             PyObject **pvalue, Py_hash_t *phash)

CPython dictobject.c

To iterate over keys, it is slower but better to use my_dict.keys(). If you tried to do something like this:

for key in my_dict:
    my_dict[key+"-1"] = my_dict[key]-1

it would create a runtime error because you are changing the keys while the program is running. If you are absolutely set on reducing time, use the for key in my_dict way, but you have been warned.

If you are looking for a clear and visual example:

cat  = {'name': 'Snowy', 'color': 'White' ,'age': 14}
for key , value in cat.items():
   print(key, ': ', value)

Result:

name:  Snowy
color:  White
age:  14

This will print the output in sorted order by values in ascending order.

d = {'x': 3, 'y': 1, 'z': 2}

def by_value(item):
    return item[1]

for key, value in sorted(d.items(), key=by_value):
    print(key, '->', value)

Output:

y -> 1
z -> 2
x -> 3

If you want to loop over a dictionary and modify it in iteration (perhaps add/delete a key), in Python 2, it was possible by looping over my_dict.keys(). In Python 3, the iteration has to be over an explicit copy of the keys (otherwise it throws a RuntimeError) because my_dict.keys() returns a view of the dictionary keys, so any change to my_dict changes the view as well.

my_dict = {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}
for k in my_dict:
    my_dict.pop(k)        # <---- error


# remove keys from my_dict
for k in list(my_dict):
    my_dict.pop(k)        # <---- OK

Let's get straight to the point. If the word key is just a variable, as you have mentioned then the main thing to note is that when you run a 'FOR LOOP' over a dictionary it runs through only the 'keys' and ignores the 'values'.

d = {'x': 1, 'y': 2, 'z': 3} 
for key in d:
    print (key, 'corresponds to', d[key])

rather try this:

d = {'x': 1, 'y': 2, 'z': 3} 
for i in d:
    print (i, 'corresponds to', d[i])

but if you use a function like:

d = {'x': 1, 'y': 2, 'z': 3}
print(d.keys())

in the above case 'keys' is just not a variable, its a function.

A dictionary in Python is a collection of key-value pairs. Each key is connected to a value, and you can use a key to access the value associated with that key. A key's value can be a number, a string, a list, or even another dictionary. In this case, threat each "key-value pair" as a separate row in the table: d is your table with two columns. the key is the first column, key[value] is your second column. Your for loop is a standard way to iterate over a table.

When you loop over a dict, this is what actually happening:

>>> d = {'x': 1, 'y': 2, 'z': 3}
>>> iter(d)
Out[408]: <dict_keyiterator at 0x2b240fc6d40>
>>> list(iter(d))
Out[409]: ['x', 'y', 'z']
>>> for key in iter(d):
        print(key)    
x
y
z